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First edition Author Country United States Language English Genre Published October 10, 1957 Publisher Pages 1168 (first edition) Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel. Rand's fourth and final novel, it was also her, and the one she considered to be her in the realm of writing. Atlas Shrugged includes elements of, and, and it contains Rand's most extensive statement of in any of her works of fiction. The book depicts a in which private businesses suffer under increasingly burdensome laws and regulations. Railroad executive Dagny Taggart and her lover, steel magnate Hank Rearden, struggle against looters who want to exploit their productivity, including Dagny's brother and Hank's wife. As Dagny and Hank fight the looters' efforts to control their business operations and confiscate their production, they realize a mysterious figure called John Galt is convincing other business leaders to abandon their companies and disappear.
While investigating a strange electric motor found in a ruined factory, Dagny finds a secret, sheltered valley where Galt and the missing businessmen have been hiding. Galt is leading a 'strike' of productive individuals against the looters. The strike escalates when Galt announces his views in a radio address, leading to a collapse of the government. The novel ends with the strikers planning to build a new society based on Galt's philosophy of and. The theme of Atlas Shrugged, as Rand described it, is 'the role of man's mind in existence'. The book explores a number of philosophical themes from which Rand would subsequently develop.
In doing so, it expresses the advocacy of reason, individualism, and capitalism, and depicts what Rand saw to be the failures of governmental coercion. Atlas Shrugged received largely negative reviews after its 1957 publication, but achieved enduring popularity and consistent sales in the following decades. Contents. History Context and writing Rand's stated goal for writing the novel was 'to show how desperately the world needs prime movers and how viciously it treats them' and to portray 'what happens to the world without them'. The core idea for the book came to her after a 1943 telephone conversation with a friend, who asserted that Rand owed it to her readers to write fiction about her philosophy. Rand replied, 'What if I went on strike? What if all the creative minds of the world went on strike?'
Rand then began Atlas Shrugged to depict the of rational self-interest, by exploring the consequences of a by intellectuals refusing to supply their inventions, art, business leadership, scientific research, or new ideas to the rest of the world. Rand studied operations of the as research for the story.
To produce Atlas Shrugged, Rand conducted research on the American railroad industry. Her previous work on a proposed (but never realized) screenplay based on the development of the, including her interviews of, was used in the portrait of the character and the novel's depiction of the development of 'Project X'. To do further background research, Rand toured and inspected a number of industrial facilities, such as the plant, rode the locomotives of the, and even learned to operate the locomotive of the (and proudly reported that when operating it, 'nobody touched a lever except me').
Rand's self-identified literary influences include, and. In addition, has observed similarities between Atlas Shrugged and the 1922 novel, written by, which concerns an idealized industrialist named Henry Galt, who is a transcontinental railway owner trying to improve the world and fighting against government and socialism. In contrast, found Raimondo's 'claims that Rand plagiarized. The Driver' to be 'unsupported', and doubts that Rand was in any way influenced by Garrett. Writer Bruce Ramsey said both novels 'have to do with running railroads during an economic depression, and both suggest pro-capitalist ways in which the country might get out of the depression. But in plot, character, tone, and theme they are very different.' Atlas Shrugged was Rand's last completed work of fiction.
It marked a turning point in her life—the end of her career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher. Publishing history. Random House CEO oversaw the novel's publication in 1957. Due to the success of Rand's 1943 novel, she had no trouble attracting a publisher for Atlas Shrugged.
This was a contrast to her previous novels, which she had struggled to place. Even before she began writing it, she had been approached by publishers interested in her next novel. However, her contract for The Fountainhead gave the first option to its publisher,. After reviewing a partial manuscript, they asked her to discuss a number of cuts and other changes.
She refused, and Bobbs-Merrill rejected the book. Hiram Hayden, an editor she liked who had left Bobbs-Merrill, asked her to consider his new employer,.
In an early discussion about the difficulties of publishing a controversial novel, Random House president proposed that Rand should submit the manuscript to multiple publishers simultaneously and ask how they would respond to its ideas, so she could evaluate who might best promote her work. Rand was impressed by the bold suggestion and by her overall conversations with them. After speaking with a few other publishers, of about a dozen who were interested, Rand decided multiple submissions were not needed; she offered the manuscript to Random House. Upon reading the portion Rand submitted, Cerf declared it a 'great book' and offered Rand a contract.
It was the first time Rand had worked with a publisher whose executives seemed truly enthusiastic about one of her books. Random House published the novel on October 10, 1957. The initial print run was 100,000 copies. The first paperback edition was published by in July 1959, with an initial run of 150,000. A 35th-anniversary edition was published by in 1992, with an introduction by Rand's legal heir,. The novel has been translated into more than 25 languages. Title and chapters The working title throughout its writing was The Strike, but thinking this title would have revealed the mystery element of the novel prematurely, Rand was pleased when her husband suggested Atlas Shrugged, previously the title of a single chapter, for the book.
The title is a reference to, a of Greek mythology, described in the novel as 'the giant who holds the world on his shoulders'. The significance of this reference appears in a conversation between the characters and, in which d'Anconia asks Rearden what advice he would give Atlas upon seeing 'the greater the titan's effort, the heavier the world bore down on his shoulders'. With Rearden unable to answer, d'Anconia gives his own response: 'To shrug'. The novel is divided into three parts consisting of ten chapters each. Said, 'the titles of the parts and chapters suggest multiple layers of meaning. The three parts, for example, are named in honor of Aristotle's. Part One is titled 'Non-Contradiction'.
Part Two, titled 'Either-Or'. and Part Three is titled 'A Is A', a reference to 'the '.' Synopsis Setting Atlas Shrugged is set in a United States at an unspecified time, in which the country has a 'National Legislature' instead of and a 'Head of State' instead of a. The government has increasingly extended its control over businesses with increasingly stringent regulations. The United States also appears to be approaching an, with widespread, constant, and severely decreased productivity. Writer Edward Younkins said, 'The story may be simultaneously described as anachronistic and timeless. The pattern of industrial organization appears to be that of the late 1800s—the mood seems to be close to that of the depression-era 1930s.
Both the social customs and the level of technology remind one of the 1950s'. Many early 20th-century technologies are available, and the steel and railroad industries are especially significant; are described as a relatively new technology, and is significantly less influential than. Although other countries are mentioned in passing, the, or the are not. The countries of the world are implied to be organized along vaguely lines, with references to 'People's States' in Europe and South America. Characters also refer to nationalization of businesses in these 'People's States', as well as in America. The economy of the book's present is contrasted with the capitalism of 19th century America, recalled as a lost. Main article: The story of Atlas Shrugged dramatically expresses Rand's, her advocacy of ', whereby all of the principal virtues and vices are applications of the role of reason as man's basic tool of survival (or a failure to apply it): rationality, honesty, justice, independence, integrity, productiveness, and pride.
Rand's characters often personify her view of the archetypes of various schools of philosophy for living and working in the world. Robert James Bidinotto wrote, 'Rand rejected the literary convention that depth and plausibility demand characters who are naturalistic replicas of the kinds of people we meet in everyday life, uttering everyday dialogue and pursuing everyday values. But she also rejected the notion that characters should be symbolic rather than realistic.' And Rand herself stated, 'My characters are never symbols, they are merely men in sharper focus than the audience can see with unaided sight. My characters are persons in whom certain human attributes are focused more sharply and consistently than in average human beings'. In addition to the plot's more obvious statements about the significance of industrialists to society, and the sharp contrast to and the, this explicit conflict is used by Rand to draw wider philosophical conclusions, both implicit in the plot and via the characters' own statements. Atlas Shrugged caricatures, and any state intervention in society, as allowing unproductive people to 'leech' the hard-earned wealth of the productive, and Rand contends that the outcome of any individual's life is purely a function of its ability, and that any individual could overcome adverse circumstances, given ability and intelligence. Sanction of the victim The concept 'sanction of the victim' is defined by Leonard Peikoff as 'the willingness of the good to suffer at the hands of the, to accept the role of sacrificial victim for the ' of creating values'.
Accordingly, throughout Atlas Shrugged, numerous characters are frustrated by this sanction, as when Hank Rearden appears duty-bound to support his family, despite their hostility toward him; later, the principle is stated by: 'I suppose somebody's got to be sacrificed. If it turned out to be me, I have no right to complain'. John Galt further explains the principle: 'Evil is impotent and has no power but that which we let it extort from us', and, 'I saw that evil was impotent. And the only weapon of its triumph was the willingness of the good to serve it'. Government and business Rand's view of the ideal government is expressed by John Galt: 'The political system we will build is contained in a single moral premise: no man may obtain any values from others by resorting to physical force', whereas 'no rights can exist without the right to translate one's rights into reality—to think, to work and to keep the results—which means: the right of property'. Galt himself lives a life of capitalism. At the end of the book, when the protagonists get ready to return and claim the ravaged world, Judge Narragansett drafts a new Amendment to the: ' Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of production and trade'.
He is also 'marking and crossing out the contradictions' in the Constitution's existing text. In the world of Atlas Shrugged, society stagnates when independent productive agencies are socially demonized for their accomplishments. This is in agreement with an excerpt from a 1964 interview with magazine, in which Rand states: 'What we have today is not a capitalist society, but a mixed economy—that is, a mixture of freedom and controls, which, by the presently dominant trend, is moving toward dictatorship. The action in Atlas Shrugged takes place at a time when society has reached the stage of dictatorship. When and if this happens, that will be the time to go on strike, but not until then'. Rand also depicts, such that the language of is used to pass legislation nominally in the public interest ( e.g., the 'Anti-Dog-Eat-Dog Rule', and 'The Equalization of Opportunity Bill'), but more to the short-term benefit of and government agencies.
Property rights and individualism Rand's heroes continually oppose 'parasites', 'looters', and 'moochers' who demand the benefits of the heroes' labor. Edward Younkins describes Atlas Shrugged as 'an apocalyptic vision of the last stages of conflict between two classes of humanity—the looters and the non-looters. The looters are proponents of high taxation, big labor, government ownership, government spending, government planning, regulation, and redistribution'. 'Looters' are Rand's depiction of bureaucrats and government officials, who confiscate others' earnings by the implicit threat of force ('at the point of a gun').
Some officials execute government policy, such as those who confiscate one state's to feed the starving citizens of another; others exploit those policies, such as the railroad regulator who illegally sells the railroad's supplies for his own profit. Both use force to take property from the people who produced or earned it. 'Moochers' are Rand's depiction of those unable to produce value themselves, who demand others' earnings on behalf of the needy, but resent the talented upon whom they depend, and appeal to 'moral right' while enabling the 'lawful' seizure by governments. The character Francisco d'Anconia indicates the role of 'looters' and 'moochers' in relation to money: 'So you think that money is the root of all evil?.
Have you ever asked what is the root of money? Money is a tool of exchange, which can't exist unless there are goods produced and men able to produce them. Money is not the tool of the moochers, who claim your product by tears, or the looters who take it from you by force.
Money is made possible only by the men who produce.' Genre The novel includes elements of, and. Rand referred to Atlas Shrugged as a mystery novel, 'not about the murder of man's body, but about the murder—and rebirth—of man's spirit'. Nonetheless, when asked by film producer if a screenplay could focus on the love story, Rand agreed and reportedly said, 'That's all it ever was'. Technological progress and intellectual breakthroughs in scientific theory appear in Atlas Shrugged, leading some observers to classify it in the genre of science fiction. Writer Jeff Riggenbach notes: 'Galt's motor is one of the three inventions that propel the action of Atlas Shrugged', the other two being Rearden Metal and the government's sonic weapon, Project X.
Other fictional technologies are 'refractor rays' (to disguise Galt's Gulch), a sophisticated electrical device (the Ferris Persuader), door locks (at the Gulch's power station), door locks (in Galt's New York laboratory), Galt's means of quietly turning the entire contents of his laboratory into a fine powder when a lock is breached, and a means of taking over all radio stations worldwide. Riggenbach adds, 'Rand's overall message with regard to science seems clear: the role of science in human life and human society is to provide the knowledge on the basis of which technological advancement and the related improvements in the quality of human life can be realized. But science can fulfill this role only in a society in which human beings are left free to conduct their business as they see fit.'
Science fiction historian describes it as a 'romantic suspense novel' that is 'at least a borderline case' of science fiction. The chapter entitled 'The Utopia of Greed', depicting Dagny Taggart's experiences in Galt's Gulch, follows precisely the format of Literature, as ultimately derived from 's 1516 book. As in other works falling within this genre, a visitor (in this case, Dagny) arrives at an Utopian Society and is shown around by denizens, who explain in detail how their social institutions work and what is the world view behind these institutions. Reception Sales Atlas Shrugged debuted on Bestseller List at #13 three days after its publication. It peaked at #3 on December 8, 1957, and was on the list for 22 consecutive weeks. By 1984, its sales had exceeded five million copies. Sales of Atlas Shrugged increased following the.
The Economist reported that the 52-year-old novel ranked #33 among Amazon.com's top-selling books on January 13, 2009, and that its 30-day sales average showed the novel selling three times faster than during the same period of the previous year. With an attached sales chart, The Economist reported that sales 'spikes' of the book seemed to coincide with the release of economic data. Subsequently, on April 2, 2009, Atlas Shrugged ranked #1 in the 'Fiction and Literature' category at Amazon and #15 in overall sales. Total sales of the novel in 2009 exceeded 500,000 copies. The book sold 445,000 copies in 2011, the second-strongest sales year in the novel's history.
Contemporary reviews Atlas Shrugged was generally disliked by critics. Rand scholar later wrote that 'reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs'; one called it 'execrable claptrap', while another said it showed 'remorseless hectoring and prolixity'. In the, Helen Beal Woodward said that the novel was written with 'dazzling virtuosity' but was 'shot through with hatred'. This was echoed by in, who said the book was 'written out of hate'.
The reviewer for magazine asked: 'Is it a novel? Is it a nightmare?
Is it Superman – in the comic strip or the Nietzschean version?' In the, called Atlas Shrugged 'sophomoric' and 'remarkably silly', and said it 'can be called a novel only by devaluing the term'. Chambers argued against the novel's implicit endorsement of and said the implicit message of the novel is akin to 'Hitler's National Socialism and Stalin's brand of Communism': 'To a gas chamber—go!' The negative reviews produced responses from some of Rand's admirers. Wrote a letter to The New York Times Book Review, in which he responded to Hicks' claim that 'the book was written out of hate' by calling it 'a celebration of life and happiness. Justice is unrelenting. Creative individuals and undeviating purpose and rationality achieve joy and fulfillment.
Parasites who persistently avoid either purpose or reason perish as they should.' In a letter to the National Review (which they did not publish), Leonard Peikoff wrote, '. Mr. Chambers is an ex-Communist. He has attacked Atlas Shrugged in the best tradition of the Communists—by lies, smears, and cowardly misrepresentations.' There were some positive reviews. Richard McLaughlin, reviewing the novel for, described it as a 'long overdue' polemic against the welfare state with an 'exciting, suspenseful plot', although unnecessarily long. He drew a comparison with the antislavery novel, saying that a 'skillful polemicist' did not need a refined literary style to have a political impact.
Journalist and book reviewer, writing in the, found Atlas Shrugged satisfying on many levels: as science fiction, as a 'philosophical detective story', and as a 'profound political parable'. In a tribute written on the 20th anniversary of the novel's publication, a leading philosopher of aesthetics, praised it as 'a supreme achievement, guaranteed of immortality'.
Influence and legacy. Notable figures who have expressed admiration for Atlas Shrugged include (clockwise from upper left) economist, commentator, politician, and. Atlas Shrugged has attracted an energetic and committed fan base.
Each year, the Ayn Rand Institute donates 400,000 copies of works by Rand, including Atlas Shrugged, to high school students. According to a 1991 survey done for the and the, Atlas Shrugged was mentioned among the books that made the most difference in the lives of 17 out of 5,000 Book-of-the-Month club members surveyed, which placed the novel between the and 's. 's 1998 nonscientific of the 100 best novels of the 20th century found Atlas rated #1, although it was not included on the list chosen by the Modern Library board of authors and scholars. Rand's impact on contemporary thought has been considerable. The title of one libertarian magazine,: Free Minds, Free Markets, is taken directly from John Galt, the hero of Atlas Shrugged, who argues that 'a free mind and a free market are corollaries'.
In 1983, the Libertarian Futurist Society gave the novel one of its first. In 1997, the libertarian held a joint conference with, an Objectivist organization, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the publication of Atlas Shrugged. At this event, Howard Dickman of Reader's Digest stated that the novel had 'turned millions of readers on to the ideas of liberty' and said that the book had the important message of the readers' 'profound right to be happy'. Former Rand business partner and lover has expressed differing views of Atlas Shrugged. He was initially quite favorable to it, and even after he and Rand ended their relationship, he still referred to it in an interview as 'the greatest novel that has ever been written', although he found 'a few things one can quarrel with in the book'. However, in 1984 he argued that Atlas Shrugged 'encourages emotional repression and self-disowning' and that Rand's works contained contradictory messages.
He criticized the potential psychological impact of the novel, stating that John Galt's recommendation to respond to wrongdoing with 'contempt and moral condemnation' clashes with the view of psychologists who say this only causes the wrongdoing to repeat itself. The economist admired the unapologetic he saw in Rand's work. In a letter to Rand written a few months after the novel's publication, he said it offered 'a cogent analysis of the evils that plague our society, a substantiated rejection of the ideology of our self-styled 'intellectuals' and a pitiless unmasking of the insincerity of the policies adopted by governments and political parties.
You have the courage to tell the masses what no politician told them: you are inferior and all the improvements in your conditions which you simply take for granted you owe to the efforts of men who are better than you.' In the years immediately following the novel's publication, many, such as, strongly disapproved of Rand and her Objectivist message. In addition to the strongly critical review by Whittaker Chambers, Buckley solicited a number of critical pieces: called Objectivism an 'inverted religion', accused Rand of 'calculated cruelties' and her message, an 'arid subhuman image of man', and regarded Rand a 'fanatic'. In the late 2000s, however, conservative commentators suggested the book as a warning against a socialistic reaction to the finance crisis. Conservative commentators, and offered praise of the book on their respective radio and television programs. In 2006, cited Atlas Shrugged as among his favorite novels.
John Campbell said, for example, 'People are starting to feel like we're living through the scenario that happened in the novel. We're living in Atlas Shrugged', echoing in an article published in on January 9, 2009, titled ' Atlas Shrugged From Fiction to Fact in 52 Years'. In 2005, Republican Congressman said that Rand was 'the reason I got into public service', and he later required his staff members to read Atlas Shrugged.
In April 2012, he disavowed such beliefs however, calling them 'an urban legend', and rejected Rand's philosophy. Ryan was subsequently mocked by -winning and commentator for reportedly getting ideas about from the novel.
In another commentary, Krugman quoted a quip by writer: 'There are two novels that can change a bookish fourteen-year-old's life: and Atlas Shrugged. One is a childish fantasy that often engenders a lifelong obsession with its unbelievable heroes, leading to an emotionally stunted, socially crippled adulthood, unable to deal with the real world. The other, of course, involves.' References to Atlas Shrugged have appeared in a variety of other popular entertainments.
In the first season of the drama series, urges to read the book, and Don's sales pitch tactic to a client indicates he has been influenced by the strike plot: 'If you don't appreciate my hard work, then I will take it away and we'll see how you do.' Less positive mentions of the novel occur in the animated comedy, where it appears among the library of books flushed down to the sewers to be read only by grotesque mutants, and in, where a newly literate character gives up on reading after experiencing Atlas Shrugged., a critically acclaimed 2007 video game, is widely considered to be a response to Atlas Shrugged. The story depicts a collapsed Objectivist society, and significant characters in the game owe their naming to Rand's work, which game creator said he found 'really fascinating'. In 2013, it was announced that Galt's Gulch, Chile, a settlement for libertarian devotees named for John Galt's safe haven, would be established near, but the project collapsed amid accusations of fraud and lawsuits filed by investors.
Film and television adaptations. Main articles:, and A film adaptation of Atlas Shrugged was in ' for nearly 40 years. In 1972, approached Rand to produce a cinematic adaptation. Rand insisted on having final script approval, which Ruddy refused to give her, thus preventing a deal.
In 1978, Henry and Michael Jaffe negotiated a deal for an eight-hour Atlas Shrugged on. Michael Jaffe hired screenwriter to adapt the novel and he obtained approval from Rand on the final script. However, when became president of NBC in 1979, the project was scrapped. Rand, a former Hollywood screenwriter herself, began writing her own screenplay, but died in 1982 with only one-third of it finished. She left her estate, including the film rights to Atlas, to her student Leonard Peikoff, who sold an to Michael Jaffe and. Peikoff would not approve the script they wrote, and the deal fell through.
In 1992, investor John Aglialoro bought an option to produce the film, paying Peikoff over $1 million for full creative control. In 1999, under Aglialoro's sponsorship, Ruddy negotiated a deal with (TNT) for a four-hour miniseries, but the project was killed after the merger. After the TNT deal fell through, and obtained the rights while running 's. The Baldwins left Crusader and formed Baldwin Entertainment Group in 2004, taking the rights to Atlas Shrugged with them. Of approached the Baldwins to fund and distribute Atlas Shrugged. A draft screenplay was written by and rewritten by, but was never produced. Atlas Shrugged: Part I In May 2010, and Aglialoro wrote a screenplay, intent on filming in June 2010.
Was set to direct. However, Polk was fired and principal photography began on June 13, 2010, under the direction of and produced by Harmon Kaslow and Aglialoro. This resulted in Aglialoro's retention of his rights to the property, which were set to expire on June 15, 2010. Filming was completed on July 20, 2010, and the movie was released on April 15, 2011. Dagny Taggart was played by and Hank Rearden. The film was met with a generally negative reception from professional critics, getting an 11% (rotten) rating on movie review aggregator, and had less than $5 million in total box office receipts. The film earned an additional $5M in DVD and Blu-ray sales, for a total of about half of its $20M budget.
The producer and screenwriter blamed critics for the film's paltry box office take and said he might go on strike, but ultimately went on to make the next two installments. Atlas Shrugged: Part II On February 2, 2012, Kaslow and Aglialoro announced was fully funded and that principal photography was tentatively scheduled to commence in early April 2012. The film was released on October 12, 2012, without a special screening for critics. It suffered one of the worst openings ever among films in wide release: it was 98th worst according to. Final box office take was $3.3 million, well under that of Part I despite the doubling of the budget to $20 million according to The Daily Caller.
Those figures should be treated as tentative as the Internet Movie Database estimates Part 1 budget at $20 million and the Part II budget at $10 million, while Box Office Mojo says Part 1 cost $20 million and Part 2 data are 'NA'. Critics gave the film a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. Dagny Taggart was played by, Henry Rearden by, and. Atlas Shrugged: Part III: Who Is John Galt? The third part in the series, was released on September 12, 2014. The movie opened on 242 screens and grossed $461,197 its opening weekend.
It was panned by critics, holding a, based on ten reviews. Dagny Taggart was played by, Henry Rearden by, by, and. See also. 'Books Published Today'.: 30.
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(1962). 'The Moral Revolution in Atlas Shrugged'. Who is Ayn Rand? Book co-authored with. Reprinted by as a booklet in 1999,. Michalson, Karen (1999). 'Who Is Dagny Taggart?
The Epic Hero/ine in Disguise'. In Gladstein, Mimi Reisel &. Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon.
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Re-reading the Canon. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Wikiquote has quotations related to:. at. study guide, themes, quotes, literary devices, teaching resources.
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Frank Pineda, right, with his son. (GoFundMe) 'We've cried yesterday all day. We're done crying, I want justice for my younger brother,' Marco Pineda told the. Moore, who was working for Arrowhead Aire, had been making repairs on Pineda’s friend’s car when Pineda approached him about fixing his home’s air conditioning, family members told Phoenix's.
After Moore arrived at Pineda’s home, an altercation between the two men ensued, leaving Pineda shot, police said. Police are still investigating what exactly led up to the shooting. Once the repairman allegedly shot Pineda, he left the home, walked to a corner and called 911, Marco Pineda told FOX10. Police said that after calling 911, Moore was arrested at the scene without incident and has been fully cooperating with investigators. He was being held at the Maricopa County Jail.
“He was my best friend. I could ask him questions about anything; he’d have an answer.” - Frank Pineda Jr., victim’s 20-year-old son Pineda was married with seven children, according to a page set up to raise money for the victim's family.
He is also survived by two brothers. “He was my best friend,” Frank Pineda Jr., the victim’s 20-year-old son, told KPHO-TV. “I could ask him questions about anything; he’d have an answer.”.